Ovarian Cancer

What Is Ovarian Cancer?

Ovarian cancer is a condition in which abnormal cells in the ovary multiply uncontrollably to form a tumor. If left untreated, these cancerous cells can spread to other parts of the body. There are several types of ovarian cancer, with epithelial ovarian carcinoma being the most common. Other types include germ cell tumors and stromal tumors, which are less frequent but still require specialized care.

What Are the Early Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer?

Ovarian cancer symptoms are often vague and resemble common digestive issues. Key symptoms include:

• Persistent bloating or swelling in the abdomen
• Pelvic or abdominal pain
• Feeling full quickly while eating
• Frequent need to urinate
• Unexplained weight loss or gain
• Fatigue and back pain
• Changes in bowel habits (constipation or diarrhea)
• Irregular menstrual cycles If these symptoms persist for more than two weeks, it is crucial to seek medical evaluation.

Who Is at Risk for Ovarian Cancer?

Several factors increase the risk of developing ovarian cancer, including:

• Age: Women over 50, especially after menopause, are at higher risk.
  Family history: A history of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer in close relatives increases susceptibility.
  Genetic mutations: BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations significantly elevate risk.
• Hormonal factors: Early menstruation, late menopause, and hormone replacement therapy may contribute.
• Reproductive history: Women who have never been pregnant or had children later in life may be more at risk.
• Obesity: Excess weight has been linked to an increased likelihood of ovarian cancer.
• Endometriosis: This condition can also contribute to ovarian cancer development.

How Is Ovarian Cancer Diagnosed?

Since no single test can detect ovarian cancer early, a combination of diagnostic approaches is used:

• Pelvic Examination: A routine exam to detect abnormalities.
• Ultrasound (Transvaginal or Abdominal): Helps visualize the ovaries and detect suspicious growths.
• CA-125 Blood Test: Measures the level of a protein that may be elevated in ovarian cancer.
• CT Scan or MRI: Provides detailed images to evaluate tumor size and spread.
• Biopsy: A tissue sample may be taken to confirm malignancy. A prompt and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective treatment planning.

What Are the Treatment Options for Ovarian Cancer?

Treatment depends on the stage and type of ovarian cancer. Common approaches include:

• Surgery: The primary treatment involves removing cancerous tissue. Procedures range from removing one ovary to a full hysterectomy with lymph node dissection.
• Chemotherapy: Often used after surgery to destroy remaining cancer cells or before surgery to shrink tumors.
• Targeted Therapy: Uses drugs that specifically attack cancer cells while minimizing damage to healthy cells.
• Hormonal Therapy: Effective for some ovarian cancers, particularly stromal tumors.
• Radiation Therapy: Less commonly used but may help in specific cases. A combination of these treatments provides the best chance of remission.

Can Ovarian Cancer Be Prevented?

While ovarian cancer cannot be completely prevented, certain measures can reduce risk:

• Regular screenings and pelvic exams for early detection
• Genetic testing for high-risk individuals
• Birth control pills, which have been shown to lower the risk
• Healthy lifestyle choices, including maintaining a balanced diet and exercising regularly
• Surgical options, such as preventive removal of ovaries in high-risk patients Discussing these options with your gynecologist can help you make informed decisions about your health.

What Is the Survival Rate for Ovarian Cancer?

The prognosis depends on the stage at diagnosis:

Stage I: 90% survival rate when detected early
Stage II: 70-80% survival rate
Stage III: 40-50% survival rate
Stage IV: 20-30% survival rate Early detection significantly improves the chances of successful treatment and long-term survival.

How Does Ovarian Cancer Affect Fertility?

For young women diagnosed with ovarian cancer, fertility concerns are significant. Depending on the stage and type of cancer, fertility-preserving treatments may be an option. Some women may undergo egg or embryo freezing before treatment. Consultation with a fertility specialist can help explore potential reproductive options post-treatment.

What Should You Do If Diagnosed with Ovarian Cancer?

If you receive an ovarian cancer diagnosis, follow these steps:

1. Seek expert medical advice.
2. Understand your treatment options and ask your doctor about available therapies.
3. Join a support group to connect with other women facing similar challenges.
4. Follow your doctor’s recommendations regarding surgery, chemotherapy, or other treatments.
5. Maintain a healthy lifestyle to support your recovery and overall well-being. Early intervention and the right medical team can make a significant difference in treatment outcomes.

Ovarian cancer is a serious but treatable condition when diagnosed early. Understanding the risk factors, symptoms, and available treatments can help women take proactive steps in their healthcare journey. If you are experiencing symptoms or have concerns about ovarian cancer, consulting a specialist is crucial.

Dr. Maitreyee Parulekar, a highly experienced gynecologist and oncologist in Mumbai, provides expert care in diagnosing and treating ovarian cancer. With advanced surgical techniques and personalized treatment plans, she ensures the best outcomes for her patients.

Schedule your appointment today with Dr. Maitreyee Parulekar to take control of your health and receive expert guidance on ovarian cancer care.